Opcodes

This is an updated version of the PVM reference page at wolflo/evm-opcodes↗. Also drawn from the Ethereum’s Yellow Paper↗, the Jello Paper↗, and the Parallax client implementation. This is intended to be an accessible reference, but it is not particularly rigorous. If you want to be certain of correctness and aware of every edge case, using the Jello Paper or a client implementation is advisable. Looking for an interactive reference? Check out evm.codes↗. For operations with dynamic gas costs, see gas.md↗. Parallax runs the EVM as of Ethereum’s Berlin fork, with no later fork active: opcodes introduced afterwards, such as BASEFEE (0x48, London), PUSH0 (0x5F, Shanghai) and the Cancun opcodes (0x49, 0x4A, 0x5C-0x5E), are invalid, and 0x44 is DIFFICULTY. Compile Solidity with evmVersion: "berlin" (solc defaults to a later version and emits PUSH0 from 0.8.20). 💡 Quick tip: To view entire lines, use [shift] + scroll to scroll horizontally on desktop.

Stack	Name	Gas	Initial Stack	Resulting Stack	Mem / Storage	Notes
00	STOP	0				halt execution
01	ADD	3	`a, b`	`a + b`		(u)int256 addition modulo 2**256
02	MUL	5	`a, b`	`a * b`		(u)int256 multiplication modulo 2**256
03	SUB	3	`a, b`	`a - b`		(u)int256 addition modulo 2**256
04	DIV	5	`a, b`	`a // b`		uint256 division
05	SDIV	5	`a, b`	`a // b`		int256 division
06	MOD	5	`a, b`	`a % b`		uint256 modulus
07	SMOD	5	`a, b`	`a % b`		int256 modulus
08	ADDMOD	8	`a, b, N`	`(a + b) % N`		(u)int256 addition modulo N
09	MULMOD	8	`a, b, N`	`(a * b) % N`		(u)int256 multiplication modulo N
0A	EXP	A1(opens in a new tab)↗	`a, b`	`a ** b`		uint256 exponentiation modulo 2**256
0B	SIGNEXTEND	5	`b, x`	`SIGNEXTEND(x, b)`		sign extend(opens in a new tab)↗ `x` from `(b+1)` bytes to 32 bytes
0C-0F	invalid
10	LT	3	`a, b`	`a < b`		uint256 less-than
11	GT	3	`a, b`	`a > b`		uint256 greater-than
12	SLT	3	`a, b`	`a < b`		int256 less-than
13	SGT	3	`a, b`	`a > b`		int256 greater-than
14	EQ	3	`a, b`	`a == b`		(u)int256 equality
15	ISZERO	3	`a`	`a == 0`		(u)int256 iszero
16	AND	3	`a, b`	`a && b`		bitwise AND
17	OR	3	`a, b`	`a \	\	b`		bitwise OR
18	XOR	3	`a, b`	`a ^ b`		bitwise XOR
19	NOT	3	`a`	`~a`		bitwise NOT
1A	BYTE	3	`i, x`	`(x >> (248 - i * 8)) && 0xFF`		`i`th byte of (u)int256 `x`, from the left
1B	SHL	3	`shift, val`	`val << shift`		shift left
1C	SHR	3	`shift, val`	`val >> shift`		logical shift right
1D	SAR	3	`shift, val`	`val >> shift`		arithmetic shift right
1E-1F	invalid
20	KECCAK256	A2(opens in a new tab)↗	`ost, len`	`keccak256(mem[ost:ost+len-1])`		keccak256
21-2F	invalid
30	ADDRESS	2	`.`	`address(this)`		address of executing contract
31	BALANCE	A5(opens in a new tab)↗	`addr`	`addr.balance`		balance, in wei
32	ORIGIN	2	`.`	`tx.origin`		address that originated the tx
33	CALLER	2	`.`	`msg.sender`		address of msg sender
34	CALLVALUE	2	`.`	`msg.value`		msg value, in wei
35	CALLDATALOAD	3	`idx`	`msg.data[idx:idx+32]`		read word from msg data at index `idx`
36	CALLDATASIZE	2	`.`	`len(msg.data)`		length of msg data, in bytes
37	CALLDATACOPY	A3(opens in a new tab)↗	`dstOst, ost, len`	`.`	mem[dstOst:dstOst+len-1] := msg.data[ost:ost+len-1]	copy msg data
38	CODESIZE	2	`.`	`len(this.code)`		length of executing contract’s code, in bytes
39	CODECOPY	A3(opens in a new tab)↗	`dstOst, ost, len`	`.`		mem[dstOst:dstOst+len-1] := this.code[ost:ost+len-1]	copy executing contract’s bytecode
3A	GASPRICE	2	`.`	`tx.gasprice`		gas price of tx, in wei per unit gas **(opens in a new tab)↗
3B	EXTCODESIZE	A5(opens in a new tab)↗	`addr`	`len(addr.code)`		size of code at addr, in bytes
3C	EXTCODECOPY	A4(opens in a new tab)↗	`addr, dstOst, ost, len`	`.`	mem[dstOst:dstOst+len-1] := addr.code[ost:ost+len-1]	copy code from `addr`
3D	RETURNDATASIZE	2	`.`	`size`		size of returned data from last external call, in bytes
3E	RETURNDATACOPY	A3(opens in a new tab)↗	`dstOst, ost, len`	`.`	mem[dstOst:dstOst+len-1] := returndata[ost:ost+len-1]	copy returned data from last external call
3F	EXTCODEHASH	A5(opens in a new tab)↗	`addr`	`hash`		hash = addr.exists ? keccak256(addr.code) : 0
40	BLOCKHASH	20	`blockNum`	`blockHash(blockNum)`
41	COINBASE	2	`.`	`block.coinbase`		address of miner of current block
42	TIMESTAMP	2	`.`	`block.timestamp`		timestamp of current block
43	NUMBER	2	`.`	`block.number`		number of current block
44	DIFFICULTY	2	`.`	`block.difficulty`		proof-of-work difficulty of the current block (Ethereum renamed this opcode PREVRANDAO after leaving proof of work; Parallax did not)
45	GASLIMIT	2	`.`	`block.gaslimit`		gas limit of current block
46	CHAINID	2	`.`	`chain_id`		push current chain id(opens in a new tab)↗ onto stack
47	SELFBALANCE	5	`.`	`address(this).balance`		balance of executing contract, in wei
48-4F	invalid
50	POP	2	`_anon`	`.`		remove item from top of stack and discard it
51	MLOAD	3*(opens in a new tab)↗	`ost`	`mem[ost:ost+32]`		read word from memory at offset `ost`
52	MSTORE	3*(opens in a new tab)↗	`ost, val`	`.`	mem[ost:ost+32] := val	write a word to memory
53	MSTORE8	3*(opens in a new tab)↗	`ost, val`	`.`	mem[ost] := val && 0xFF	write a single byte to memory
54	SLOAD	A6(opens in a new tab)↗	`key`	`storage[key]`		read word from storage
55	SSTORE	A7(opens in a new tab)↗	`key, val`	`.`	storage[key] := val	write word to storage
56	JUMP	8	`dst`	`.`		`$pc := dst` mark that `pc` is only assigned if `dst` is a valid jumpdest
57	JUMPI	10	`dst, condition`	`.`		`$pc := condition ? dst : $pc + 1`
58	PC	2	`.`	`$pc`		program counter
59	MSIZE	2	`.`	`len(mem)`		size of memory in current execution context, in bytes
5A	GAS	2	`.`	`gasRemaining`
5B	JUMPDEST	1			mark valid jump destination	a valid jump destination for example a jump destination not inside the push data
5C-5F	invalid
60	PUSH1	3	`.`	`uint8`		push 1-byte value onto stack
61	PUSH2	3	`.`	`uint16`		push 2-byte value onto stack
62	PUSH3	3	`.`	`uint24`		push 3-byte value onto stack
63	PUSH4	3	`.`	`uint32`		push 4-byte value onto stack
64	PUSH5	3	`.`	`uint40`		push 5-byte value onto stack
65	PUSH6	3	`.`	`uint48`		push 6-byte value onto stack
66	PUSH7	3	`.`	`uint56`		push 7-byte value onto stack
67	PUSH8	3	`.`	`uint64`		push 8-byte value onto stack
68	PUSH9	3	`.`	`uint72`		push 9-byte value onto stack
69	PUSH10	3	`.`	`uint80`		push 10-byte value onto stack
6A	PUSH11	3	`.`	`uint88`		push 11-byte value onto stack
6B	PUSH12	3	`.`	`uint96`		push 12-byte value onto stack
6C	PUSH13	3	`.`	`uint104`		push 13-byte value onto stack
6D	PUSH14	3	`.`	`uint112`		push 14-byte value onto stack
6E	PUSH15	3	`.`	`uint120`		push 15-byte value onto stack
6F	PUSH16	3	`.`	`uint128`		push 16-byte value onto stack
70	PUSH17	3	`.`	`uint136`		push 17-byte value onto stack
71	PUSH18	3	`.`	`uint144`		push 18-byte value onto stack
72	PUSH19	3	`.`	`uint152`		push 19-byte value onto stack
73	PUSH20	3	`.`	`uint160`		push 20-byte value onto stack
74	PUSH21	3	`.`	`uint168`		push 21-byte value onto stack
75	PUSH22	3	`.`	`uint176`		push 22-byte value onto stack
76	PUSH23	3	`.`	`uint184`		push 23-byte value onto stack
77	PUSH24	3	`.`	`uint192`		push 24-byte value onto stack
78	PUSH25	3	`.`	`uint200`		push 25-byte value onto stack
79	PUSH26	3	`.`	`uint208`		push 26-byte value onto stack
7A	PUSH27	3	`.`	`uint216`		push 27-byte value onto stack
7B	PUSH28	3	`.`	`uint224`		push 28-byte value onto stack
7C	PUSH29	3	`.`	`uint232`		push 29-byte value onto stack
7D	PUSH30	3	`.`	`uint240`		push 30-byte value onto stack
7E	PUSH31	3	`.`	`uint248`		push 31-byte value onto stack
7F	PUSH32	3	`.`	`uint256`		push 32-byte value onto stack
80	DUP1	3	`a`	`a, a`		clone 1st value on stack
81	DUP2	3	`_, a`	`a, _, a`		clone 2nd value on stack
82	DUP3	3	`_, _, a`	`a, _, _, a`		clone 3rd value on stack
83	DUP4	3	`_, _, _, a`	`a, _, _, _, a`		clone 4th value on stack
84	DUP5	3	`..., a`	`a, ..., a`		clone 5th value on stack
85	DUP6	3	`..., a`	`a, ..., a`		clone 6th value on stack
86	DUP7	3	`..., a`	`a, ..., a`		clone 7th value on stack
87	DUP8	3	`..., a`	`a, ..., a`		clone 8th value on stack
88	DUP9	3	`..., a`	`a, ..., a`		clone 9th value on stack
89	DUP10	3	`..., a`	`a, ..., a`		clone 10th value on stack
8A	DUP11	3	`..., a`	`a, ..., a`		clone 11th value on stack
8B	DUP12	3	`..., a`	`a, ..., a`		clone 12th value on stack
8C	DUP13	3	`..., a`	`a, ..., a`		clone 13th value on stack
8D	DUP14	3	`..., a`	`a, ..., a`		clone 14th value on stack
8E	DUP15	3	`..., a`	`a, ..., a`		clone 15th value on stack
8F	DUP16	3	`..., a`	`a, ..., a`		clone 16th value on stack
90	SWAP1	3	`a, b`	`b, a`
91	SWAP2	3	`a, _, b`	`b, _, a`
92	SWAP3	3	`a, _, _, b`	`b, _, _, a`
93	SWAP4	3	`a, _, _, _, b`	`b, _, _, _, a`
94	SWAP5	3	`a, ..., b`	`b, ..., a`
95	SWAP6	3	`a, ..., b`	`b, ..., a`
96	SWAP7	3	`a, ..., b`	`b, ..., a`
97	SWAP8	3	`a, ..., b`	`b, ..., a`
98	SWAP9	3	`a, ..., b`	`b, ..., a`
99	SWAP10	3	`a, ..., b`	`b, ..., a`
9A	SWAP11	3	`a, ..., b`	`b, ..., a`
9B	SWAP12	3	`a, ..., b`	`b, ..., a`
9C	SWAP13	3	`a, ..., b`	`b, ..., a`
9D	SWAP14	3	`a, ..., b`	`b, ..., a`
9E	SWAP15	3	`a, ..., b`	`b, ..., a`
9F	SWAP16	3	`a, ..., b`	`b, ..., a`
A0	LOG0	A8(opens in a new tab)↗	`ost, len`	`.`		LOG0(memory[ost:ost+len-1])
A1	LOG1	A8(opens in a new tab)↗	`ost, len, topic0`	`.`		LOG1(memory[ost:ost+len-1], topic0)
A2	LOG2	A8(opens in a new tab)↗	`ost, len, topic0, topic1`	`.`		LOG1(memory[ost:ost+len-1], topic0, topic1)
A3	LOG3	A8(opens in a new tab)↗	`ost, len, topic0, topic1, topic2`	`.`		LOG1(memory[ost:ost+len-1], topic0, topic1, topic2)
A4	LOG4	A8(opens in a new tab)↗	`ost, len, topic0, topic1, topic2, topic3`	`.`		LOG1(memory[ost:ost+len-1], topic0, topic1, topic2, topic3)
A5-EF	invalid
F0	CREATE	A9(opens in a new tab)↗	`val, ost, len`	`addr`		addr = keccak256(rlp([address(this), this.nonce]))
F1	CALL	AA(opens in a new tab)↗	`gas, addr, val, argOst, argLen, retOst, retLen`	`success`	mem[retOst:retOst+retLen-1] := returndata
F2	CALLCODE	AA(opens in a new tab)↗	`gas, addr, val, argOst, argLen, retOst, retLen`	`success`	mem[retOst:retOst+retLen-1] = returndata	same as DELEGATECALL, but does not propagate original msg.sender and msg.value
F3	RETURN	0*(opens in a new tab)↗	`ost, len`	`.`		return mem[ost:ost+len-1]
F4	DELEGATECALL	AA(opens in a new tab)↗	`gas, addr, argOst, argLen, retOst, retLen`	`success`	mem[retOst:retOst+retLen-1] := returndata
F5	CREATE2	A9(opens in a new tab)↗	`val, ost, len, salt`	`addr`		addr = keccak256(0xff ++ address(this) ++ salt ++ keccak256(mem[ost:ost+len-1]))[12:]
F6-F9	invalid
FA	STATICCALL	AA(opens in a new tab)↗	`gas, addr, argOst, argLen, retOst, retLen`	`success`	mem[retOst:retOst+retLen-1] := returndata
FB-FC	invalid
FD	REVERT	0*(opens in a new tab)↗	`ost, len`	`.`		revert(mem[ost:ost+len-1])
FE	INVALID	AF(opens in a new tab)↗			designated invalid opcode - EIP-141(opens in a new tab)↗
FF	SELFDESTRUCT	AB(opens in a new tab)↗	`addr`	`.`			destroy contract and sends all funds to `addr`

Adapted from Opcodes for the EVM on ethereum.org, © ethereum.org contributors, under the MIT License. See the third-party notices.

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